What Causes Tetany?
October 5, 2023 | by Yashaswi Pathakamuri | Posted in FAQ's
Tetany is a medical condition characterized by involuntary muscle spasms and contractions, often involving the hands and feet. It is primarily caused by low levels of calcium in the blood, which is essential for muscle function and nerve transmission. Several factors and medical conditions can lead to tetany, including:
- Hypoparathyroidism: This condition occurs when the parathyroid glands, located in the neck, do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. When PTH levels are low, the body cannot properly maintain calcium balance, leading to low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and potentially causing tetany.
- Vitamin D Deficiency: Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestines. A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to reduced calcium absorption, which, over time, can result in hypocalcemia and tetany.
- Hypomagnesemia: Low levels of magnesium in the blood (hypomagnesemia) can interfere with the body’s ability to properly regulate calcium levels. In some cases, hypomagnesemia can lead to tetany, even if calcium levels are normal.
- Alkalosis: Alkalosis is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in blood pH, making it more alkaline. This can occur due to various reasons, such as hyperventilation (excessive breathing) or certain medical conditions. Alkalosis can lead to changes in the binding of calcium to proteins in the blood, resulting in a decrease in ionized calcium levels, which are essential for normal muscle function.
- Acute Hypocalcemia: In some situations, acute hypocalcemia can occur, leading to tetany. This can happen in critical illness, following major surgeries, or during certain medical procedures.
- Respiratory Alkalosis: Rapid and deep breathing, as seen in hyperventilation, can cause a temporary drop in blood carbon dioxide levels and, subsequently, a decrease in ionized calcium levels, potentially leading to tetany.
- Neuromuscular Disorders: Some neuromuscular disorders, such as hyperventilation syndrome or certain types of epilepsy, can result in muscle twitching and spasms resembling tetany.
Treatment for tetany involves addressing the underlying cause, such as correcting calcium and magnesium imbalances, treating hypoparathyroidism, or addressing vitamin D deficiency. In some cases, medications like calcium supplements or vitamin D may be prescribed to raise and maintain normal blood calcium levels. Prompt medical evaluation and treatment are essential if you suspect you or someone else is experiencing tetany, as it can be a serious medical condition that requires intervention.