What Causes Melanoma?
October 4, 2023 | by Yashaswi Pathakamuri | Posted in FAQ's
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that occurs when melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin, become cancerous. The exact cause of melanoma is complex and involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Here are some key factors that can contribute to the development of melanoma:
- Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Exposure: Exposure to UV radiation from the sun or artificial sources, such as tanning beds, is a significant risk factor for melanoma. UV radiation can damage the DNA in skin cells, leading to mutations that can trigger the development of melanoma. Prolonged or intense sun exposure, especially with a history of sunburns, increases the risk.
- Fair Skin, Hair, and Eye Color: People with fair skin, light hair (blonde or red), and blue or green eyes have less natural protection against UV radiation and are at a higher risk of melanoma. They tend to burn more easily in the sun.
- Family History: A family history of melanoma or a personal history of melanoma or other skin cancers can increase the risk. Some individuals may have genetic mutations, such as in the CDKN2A or CDK4 genes, that predispose them to melanoma.
- Moles: Having many moles (nevi) or atypical moles (dysplastic nevi) can increase the risk of melanoma. Changes in the size, shape, or color of moles should be monitored closely.
- Weakened Immune System: A weakened immune system, whether due to a medical condition or immunosuppressive medications, can increase the risk of melanoma and make it more aggressive.
- Age: While melanoma can occur at any age, the risk increases with age. It is more commonly diagnosed in adults, particularly in those over the age of 50.
- Gender: Melanoma affects both males and females, but males are more likely to die from the disease due to delayed diagnosis and more aggressive tumors.
- Geographic Location: Living in regions with high UV radiation, such as sunny climates or at higher altitudes, increases the risk of melanoma.
- Previous Skin Cancer: A history of non-melanoma skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, can increase the risk of melanoma.
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP): This rare genetic disorder impairs the body’s ability to repair DNA damage caused by UV radiation. Individuals with XP are at a very high risk of developing skin cancer, including melanoma.
- Personal History of Sunburn: Severe sunburns, especially during childhood or adolescence, can increase the risk of melanoma later in life.
It’s important to note that while these factors can increase the risk of melanoma, anyone, regardless of their risk factors, can develop this type of skin cancer. Regular skin self-examinations, annual dermatological check-ups, and sun protection measures like wearing sunscreen, protective clothing, and sunglasses, as well as seeking shade during peak sun hours, are essential for early detection and prevention.
If you notice any changes in your skin, such as the appearance of a new mole or changes in an existing mole (size, shape, color, or texture), it’s important to consult a healthcare provider or dermatologist for a thorough evaluation. Early detection and treatment offer the best chance of successful outcomes in melanoma.